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The American Museum of Natural History and it’s History…
Posted by Michael Carillo on April 25, 2023 at 6:55 amThe American Museum of Natural History is one of the world’s preeminent scientific and cultural institutions.
Since its founding in 1869, the Museum has advanced its global mission to discover, interpret, and disseminate information about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe through a wide-ranging program of scientific research, education, and exhibition.
The Museum is renowned for its exhibitions and scientific collections, which serve as a field guide to the entire planet and present a panorama of the world’s cultures.
Mission Statement
To discover, interpret, and disseminate—through scientific research and education—knowledge about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe.
In 2006, the Museum established the Richard Gilder Graduate School which includes a Ph.D. granting program in comparative biology within the Museum. Accordingly, the Museum’s Charter was amended by the Board of Regents of the State of New York as follows:
“to confer the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and Master of Philosophy (M. Phil.) to duly qualified graduates completing registered curricula at the Graduate School of the American Museum of Natural History, and to award from the Graduate School the Honorary Degrees of Science (D.Sc.), Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) and Master of Humane Letters (L.H.M.) to those selected by the Board of Trustees.”
In 2015, the Museum began granting a Master of Arts in Teaching degree, and its Charter was further amended by the Board of Regents of the State of New York as follows:
“to confer the degree of Master of Arts in Teaching (M.A.T.) to duly qualified graduates completing registered curricula at the Graduate School of the American Museum of Natural History, and to change the name of the Graduate School to the “Richard Gilder Graduate School.”
Historical Timeline
1869
- Albert Smith Bickmore, one-time student of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz, is successful in his proposal to create a natural history museum in New York City, winning the support of William E. Dodge, Jr., Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., Joseph Choate, and J. Pierpont Morgan. The Governor of New York, John Thompson Hoffman, signs the Act of Incorporation officially creating the American Museum of Natural History on April 6. John David Wolfe becomes President of the Museum the same year.
1871
- A series of exhibits of the Museum’s collection goes on view for the first time in the Central Park Arsenal, the Museum’s original home on the eastern side of Central Park.
1872
- Robert L. Stuart becomes President of the Museum.
- The Museum quickly outgrows the Arsenal and secures Manhattan Square, a block of land across the street from Central Park, between West 77th and 81st Streets, to build a bigger facility.
1874
- The cornerstone for the Museum’s first building at 77th Street is laid by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
1877
- The first building opens with U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes presiding at a public ceremony.
1881
- New Museum President Morris K. Jesup launches the Museum into a golden age of exploration that lasts from 1880 to 1930. During this time, the Museum is involved with expeditions that discover the North Pole, explore unmapped areas of Siberia, traverse Outer Mongolia and the great Gobi desert, and travel to the Congo, taking Museum representatives to every continent on the globe.
1895
- President Jesup hires Franz Boas to be the assistant curator in the Department of Ethnology.
1896
- The Hall of Northwest Coast Indians, now called the Northwest Coast Hall, opens on the first floor.
1897–1902
- Boas organizes the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. In the entire field of anthropology, nothing of comparable ambition or scope has ever before been attempted. The expedition yields an unparalleled record of the life and culture of the peoples of the North Pacific.
1906
- Boas leaves his position at the Museum and begins teaching at Columbia University. One of his students is Margaret Mead, the scientist, explorer, writer, and teacher who will work in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 until her death in 1978. A pioneer, she brings the serious work of anthropology to a broader audience.
1908
- Museum President Morris K. Jesup dies. Henry Fairfield Osborn becomes President.
1913
- Carl Akeley, a pioneer in the creation of life-like mammal dioramas, writes to the Museum offering to devote five years to the creation of an African mammals hall.
1921
- The Second International Eugenics Congress is convened at the Museum to advance the pseudo-science of eugenics.
1922
- Roy Chapman Andrews leads historic Central Asiatic Expeditions through the Gobi desert of Mongolia, discovering some of the richest dinosaur fossil sites in the world. Andrews and his team work there until the border between China and Outer Mongolia closes in 1930.
1926
- The Museum receives an extensive gift of mammals from the Indian subcontinent, the result of an expedition led by Arthur S. Vernay and Colonel J. C. Faunthorpe. Work soon begins on designing a fitting environment for these specimens, which will be mounted according to Akeley’s technique and displayed in dioramas.
1930
- The first major hall of mammal habitat dioramas, the South Asiatic Hall, opens, displaying Vernay and Faunthorpe’s specimens.
1933
- F. Trubee Davison becomes President of the Museum.
- The Hall of Ocean Life opens on the first floor.
1935
- Legendary dinosaur explorer Roy Chapman Andrews becomes Director of the Museum.
- The Hayden Planetarium opens.
1936
1942
- The Hall of North American Mammals opens on the first floor with 10 dioramas. More are added through 1963. The gallery showcases what many consider to be the finest habitat dioramas in the world, many set in U.S. National Parks.
- The Akeley Hall of African Mammals opens under the direction of James L. Clark, the Museum’s Vice Director. Artists and scientists, led by Carl Akeley, had gone to Africa to sketch, photograph, collect, measure, and make molds of leaves, bark, moss, and other aspects of the terrain to make the dioramas as accurate as possible.
1951
- Alexander M. White becomes President of the Museum.
1958
- The Hall of North American Forests opens on the first floor.
1960
- The Great Canoe is installed near the 77th Street entrance.
1963
- The Hall of North American Small Mammals opens on the first floor.
1964
- The Hall of Primates opens on the third floor.
1966
- The Hall of Eastern Woodlands Indians opens on the third floor.
1967
- The Hall of Plains Indians opens on the third floor.
- The Museum’s exterior is designated an official New York City Landmark.
1968
- Gardner D. Stout becomes President of the Museum.
- The Hall of African Peoples opens on the second floor.
1969
- The Hall of Ocean Life is renovated to include a 94-foot-long model of a blue whale suspended from the ceiling.
1970
- The Hall of Mexico and Central America opens on the second floor.
1971
- The Hall of Pacific Peoples opens on the third floor, reopens as Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples in 1984.
1972
- The Frederick H. Leonhardt People Center opens on the second floor.
1974
- The Louis Calder Laboratory and the Alexander M. White Natural Science Center are completed on the second floor.
1975
- Robert G. Goelet becomes President of the Museum.
- The Theodore Roosevelt Rotunda on the Museum’s second floor is designated a New York City interior landmark.
1976
- The Morgan Memorial Hall of Gems and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Hall of Minerals open on the first floor.
1977
- Gallery 3, a special-exhibition space on the third floor, is completed.
- The Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians opens on the third floor.
1980
- The Gardner D. Stout Hall of Asian Peoples opens on the second floor.
1981
- The Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites opens on the first floor.
1983
- The Charles A. Dana Education Wing is completed.
1988
- George D. Langdon, Jr., becomes President of the Museum.
1989
- The Hall of South American Peoples opens on the second floor. The original South American hall opened in 1907 and closed in the 1960s.
1991
- The Mongolian Academy of Sciences invites the Museum to take part in a joint paleontological expedition to the Gobi desert, the first such expedition to include Western scientists since the Central Asiatic Expedition in the 1920s. These joint expeditions now take place annually.
- A five-story-high Barosaurus cast is installed in the Theodore Roosevelt Rotunda, becoming the world’s highest freestanding dinosaur display.
1992
- The Research Library‘s new facility opens.
- The Center for Biodiversity and Conservation is established.
- The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution opens on the first floor.
1993
- Ellen V. Futter becomes President of the Museum.
1996
- Major renovations are completed on the fossil halls on the fourth floor of the Museum. Openings during this period include: the Hall of Primitive Mammals, the Paul and Irma Milstein Hall of Advanced Mammals, the Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs, the Hall of Ornithischian Dinosaurs, the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Orientation Center, and the Hall of Vertebrate Origins.
1997
- The National Center for Science Literacy, Education and Technology is created, in partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
1998
- The Hall of Biodiversity opens on the first floor.
1999
- The David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth on the first floor is the first component of the Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth to open. The customized one-of-a-kind Zeiss Star Projector (Mark IX), the most advanced in the world, is installed in the new Hayden Planetarium.The C. V. Starr Natural Science Building opens.
2000
- The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space opens to the public. The Arthur Ross Terrace opens adjacent to the Rose Center.
2001
- The Judy and Josh Weston Pavilion opens, adding an entrance to the Museum on Columbus Avenue. The Discovery Room opens on the first floor.
2002
- The Museum opens the renovated Samuel J. and Ethel LeFrak Theater. The Museum’s main auditorium, restored to its late 19th-century design by Josiah Cleaveland Cady, is a venue for scientific lectures, meetings, public programs, and giant-screen films.
2003
- The Museum opens the restored and renovated Milstein Hall of Ocean Life, which features high-definition video projections, interactive computer stations, hands-on models, 14 renovated classic dioramas, and eight new ocean ecosystem displays. The centerpiece of the hall remains the 94-foot model of a blue whale, now resculpted and repainted to more accurately reflect the appearance of a blue whale at sea. The Museum opens the reconceptualized and renovated Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites. New exhibits, rare Moon and Mars rocks, and over 130 scientifically significant meteorites tell the story of the origins of the solar system.
2004
- The Museum installs a new Earthquake Monitoring Station in the Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth. The seismograph records and illustrates real-time seismic data for the public via a global network of seismic stations accessible in real-time to the Museum and other similar institutions.
2005
- The Museum marks the 70th Anniversary of the opening of the original Hayden Planetarium.
2006
- The Museum hosts the premiere of the movie A Night at the Museum, based on the Museum and starring Ben Stiller, Mickey Rooney, and Dick Van Dyke. Afterward, the Museum inaugurates Night at the Museum Sleepovers for families and groups with children ages 6 to 13.
- The Richard Gilder Graduate School at the Museum is established, authorized by the State of New York to grant the M.Phil, Ph.D., and Honorary degrees and marking the first time an American museum was granted the authority to award its own Ph.D. degree.
2007
- The Museum opens the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins, which presents comprehensive evidence of human evolution. The new hall explores the most profound mysteries of humankind: who we are, where we came from, and what is in store for the future of the human species.
2008
- The first cohort of Ph.D. students in the new Comparative Biology program begins graduate studies at the Museum’s Richard Gilder Graduate School.
2009
- The Museum completes a major renovation and restoration project of the landmark 77th Street “castle” facade.
2011
- The Master of Arts in Teaching Earth science, a unique residency program based at the Museum, is authorized as a pilot program by the New York State Department of Education.
2012
- The restored Theodore Roosevelt Memorial and Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals reopen to the public.
- The first cohort of students begins in the Master of Arts in Teaching Earth science residency program.
2015
- Countdown to Zero: Defeating Disease, an exhibition developed with The Carter Center to highlight global efforts to fight infections including Guinea worm disease, opens at the Museum. President Jimmy Carter speaks at the exhibition opening.
2016
- The Titanosaur, a 122-foot-long cast of a newly discovered dinosaur later formally named Patagotitan mayorum, goes on permanent display on the Museum’s fourth floor.
2018
- An updated exhibit about climate change opens in the Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth.
2019
- The Museum’s 150th celebration opens with T. Rex: The Ultimate Predator, a blockbuster exhibition about the tyrannosaur family.
- The Museum breaks ground on the Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education, and Innovation.
2020
- The Museum closes its campus to visitors from March through September due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021
- The Museum opens a mass New York City vaccination site under the blue whale, which sports a post-vaccination bandage on her fin in support of the COVID-19 vaccination program.
- The Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals open to the public.
2022
- The revitalized Northwest Coast Hall reopens to the public.
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