My areas of specialization are [political sociology], [comparative-historical sociology], and [social theory]. I’m especially interested in democratic [citizenship], including the development of rights and duties over time, changing levels and forms of [civic engagement] and [political participation], and shifting patterns of [civil inclusion] and exclusion. That interest intersects with lots of others, including the struggle for what used to be called “social” and “industrial” citizenship, the emancipation of the Jews in Europe and its historical repercussions, the difficulties of organizing democratic publics under changing social conditions, and the tensions between cultural pluralism and the need for a common democratic culture.